高血压(专业版)
高血压是最常见的慢性病,几乎影响到所有人,可对心脏、肺、脑和肾脏等血管产生压力。随着时间的推移,这种状况会损害这些组织和器官。
其他名称:血压高,原发性高血压
英文名称:High Blood Pressure,Essential Hypertension,Primary Hypertension
血压测量包括两个数字:
可能增加高血压风险的因素包括如下:
如果血压达到极端水平,可导致如下症状:
调整饮食与生活方式
营养与草本综合干预
以下是基于循证医学和营养学有关文献综合的结果。
有助于防控高血压的营养和草本补充剂,主要包括如下:
1.鱼油:
EPA和DHA可作为重要的心脏保护营养素,因为其抗炎和降低氧化应激作用;可稳定细胞膜,改善脂质水平和促进葡萄糖代谢;使血管功能正常化,抑制血栓形成和动脉粥样硬化1。此外,DHA在体内被用来制造Resolvins、Proteins和Maresins的化合物,统称为专门的促分解介质(SPMs),在结束炎症过程中发挥着关键作用2。
2022年发表的一项荟萃分析包括71项随机对照试验的数据,共有4973名参与者,发现补充EPA和DHA的组合可以降低收缩压和舒张压。研究人员确定每天2-3g EPA加DHA的组合剂量为最佳剂量。该剂量导致收缩压下降2.61mmHg,舒张压下降1.64-1.80mmHg。服用超过每天3g的剂量后,血压没有进一步降低,尤其是在基线血压正常的人群中。效果最大的是老年群体、收缩压≥140mmHg和血脂水平异常的人。研究结果表明,这些人群可能从每天略高于3g的剂量中获益3。
2.辅酶Q10:
一项深入的综述检查了使用辅酶Q10(CoQ10)补充剂治疗原发性高血压至少三周的随机对照试验。CoQ10治疗导致收缩压平均下降11mmHg,舒张压平均下降7mmHg4。CoQ10的降压作用可能是一氧化氮依赖性血管舒张和保护一氧化氮免受自由基介导的降解的结果;辅酶Q10还可以促进前列环素的产生并增加组织敏感性,前列环素是一种有效的血管舒张剂,可防止血液凝结5。补充辅酶Q10已证明可有效降低重大心血管事件和心血管及所有原因死亡的风险;改善内皮功能,这是高血压的一个重要问题,包括他汀类药物治疗的糖尿病患者;和增加自由基调节酶超氧化物歧化酶的活性6,7,8,9。在一项对443名老年人进行的五年随机试验中,与安慰剂相比,辅酶Q10联合硒可将心血管死亡率降低一半10。
3.镁:
补充镁可以剂量依赖性地降低高血压患者的血压11。根据流行病学和观察性研究的数据,高血压患者的镁摄入量低于正常血压患者,镁摄入量低与患心脏病和死于心脏病的风险更大有关。每天摄入500-1000mg的镁与较低的收缩压和舒张压有关。镁似乎还能提高各类抗高血压药物的疗效。镁的有效性归因于其改善内皮功能的能力、作为天然钙通道阻滞剂和血管舒张剂的作用以及可能的抗炎活性12,13,14,15。
在对7项研究的荟萃分析中显示,服用降压药至少六个月的收缩压超过155mgHg的患者,补充镁可显著降低收缩压和舒张压,平均降低18.7mmHg和10.9mmHg16。血清镁含量低与肾功能下降和患慢性肾病的风险增加有关17。镁的状况可以通过红细胞镁测试来评估18。
4.褪黑素:
褪黑素是已知被广泛用作一种天然的助眠剂,可以促进睡眠、帮助调节昼夜节律19。褪黑激素还有一些其他重要但未被充分重视的健康益处:它似乎通过在中枢神经系统和身体外周部位发挥作用来帮助控制血压。在外围,褪黑激素有助于放松血管,促进血管舒张,从而降低血压。褪黑素还可以抑制交感神经系统,后者过度刺激会导致高血压20,21。夜间高血压是一个严重的问题,许多人可能没有考虑到。夜间血压升高会导致心血管疾病和死亡率,尤其是在睡眠呼吸暂停的人群中22,23。
在2011年对7项研究(共221名受试者)的数据进行的荟萃分析中,睡前2-3mg的缓释褪黑素可使夜间收缩压降低6mmHg,夜间舒张压降低3.5mmHg24。
5. 乳清蛋白:
乳清是高质量蛋白质、肽和氨基酸的宝贵来源25,26。许多对照临床试验已经证明乳清蛋白具有降血压和改善血管功能的能力。这些研究还表明,乳清蛋白可以改善其他代谢风险因素,包括胰岛素敏感性、葡萄糖和脂质水平27,28。两项独立的荟萃分析得出结论,乳清蛋白的摄入可以降低收缩压和舒张压,以及其他代谢改善,如改善脂质水平、降低空腹血糖和改善身体成分29,30。
在一项饮食挑战试验中,将8小时的反应与28g乳清蛋白、酪蛋白或麦芽糊精进行比较,乳清导致收缩压显著下降,持续时间长达5小时,动脉硬化也有所改善31。一项针对平均年龄75岁的正常体重男性的研究显示,乳清蛋白对血压也有类似的快速影响。单独补充70g乳清蛋白或与碳水化合物和脂肪混合的营养饮料,在饮用后的两到三小时内可将收缩压降低22-24mmHg
,该组合饮料也降低了舒张压32。一项对38名患有高血压前期和轻度高血压的成年人进行的为期八周的试验表明,连续八周每天两次服用28g乳清蛋白可降低收缩压和舒张压,并改善了血管内皮功能33。另一项针对54名成年人的随机对照试验发现,与对照组相比,在接受30g乳清蛋白治疗12周的肥胖和超重个体中,收缩压、体脂、脂肪百分比和腰围显著降低,内皮功能也得到改善,该论文作者得出结论,体脂减少是血压升高受益的机制34。
脂肪减少、动脉硬化和内皮功能的改善都可能有助于乳清蛋白改善血压的益处,但它们并不能完全解释数小时内出现的快速降压作用。然而,有人认为,乳清蛋白的作用也可能是由血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)的抑制和与阿片类神经递质受体的相互作用介导的26。
显示这些益处的试验通常每天使用大约一到三盎司(28-84g)的乳清蛋白粉29,30。
6.槲皮素:一种类黄酮植物化学素,存在于许多水果和蔬菜中。过去几十年的研究发现,槲皮素的摄入与减少心血管疾病有关。对动物和人类的干预研究表明,补充槲皮素可以降低血压35。槲皮素通过多种机制降低血压,包括作为血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(ARB)的功能。事实上,2015年的一项研究表明,槲皮素对血管紧张素受体的估计受体对接得分与一些药物ARB相似,包括厄贝沙坦和氯沙坦36。
槲皮素的降压能力已经在几个临床试验中被观察到。例如,一项针对93名超重或肥胖者的试验显示,在六周内每天补充150mg槲皮素可使收缩压降低2.6mmHg37。在另一项随机对照试验中,49名男性在八周内每天摄入150mg槲皮素或安慰剂。服用槲皮素的受试者在餐后(餐后)4小时的血压降低了5.7mmHg,而安慰剂受试者的血压没有显著变化38。2015年的一项随机对照试验发现,在高血压受试者中,每天服用162mg槲皮素6周,与安慰剂相比,24小时动态血压降低了3.6mmHg39。其他使用不同槲皮素剂量和治疗时间的试验也表明,这种类黄酮可有效降低血压40,41。
7.杨梅素:
杨梅素(Myricetin)是一种黄酮类化合物,存在于蔬菜、水果、坚果、浆果、茶和红酒中42。与槲皮素类似,杨梅素似乎具有血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(ARB)的作用36。临床前研究表明,杨梅素可减轻动物对高血压刺激的血压升高43。杨梅苷(Myricitrin),也是一种天然存在的类黄酮,被肠道菌群转化为杨梅素44。杨梅素和杨梅苷都具有抗炎特性45,46。
2014年,在一项针对血压正常的糖尿病患者的非受控试点临床研究中,连续三个月每天服用600mg含杨梅素的草药尤金叶,可使收缩压降低11mmHg,舒张压降低6mmHg47。
8.甜叶菊:从甜菊叶中提取的一种糖苷,一般被称为甜味剂。在南美洲和亚洲,甜菊糖的提取物传统上被用于控制血糖水平48,49。临床前证据表明,甜菊糖苷可以作为钙通道阻滞剂帮助控制血压。阻断钙通道是维拉帕米等药物降低血压的方法50,51。
2015年一项对已发表研究数据的荟萃分析发现,甜菊糖苷使用一年以上可使血压降低近12mmHG(舒张压)。总体而言,该分析中主要使用甜菊糖苷作为干预的研究表明,收缩压平均降低了4.5mmHg。本研究中使用的甜菊糖苷剂量范围为每天750至1500mg52。
9.橄榄叶:
一项为期12周的随机临床研究比较了橄榄叶提取物与ACE抑制剂药物卡托普利对I期高血压患者的降压作用。橄榄叶组和卡托普利组的收缩压和舒张压均降低,两种化合物的作用没有显著差异。在橄榄叶提取物组中,收缩压和舒张压分别平均下降11.5mmHg和4.8mmHg53。这项研究证实了早期试验的结果,发现橄榄叶提取物对高血压有效54。橄榄叶提取物已被证明能提高易患代谢综合征的男性的胰岛素敏感性,代谢综合征通常伴有高血压55。橄榄叶的降压作用可能与处方降压药的几种机制相同,包括钙通道阻断、ACE抑制和血管紧张素II拮抗剂56,57,58。
10.葡萄籽:
一项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,与对照组相比,葡萄多酚治疗降低了收缩压。这些临床试验中使用的有效剂量范围为200至733mg/天,为期2至12周。降压作用在患有代谢综合征的研究参与者中最为明显59。这种作用可能在很大程度上是由葡萄多酚的抗氧化特性和显著改善健康受试者和有心血管风险的受试者内皮功能的作用介导的60,61。葡萄多酚对内皮的益处可以通过一氧化氮代谢的调节62。
临床前研究63、随机对照试验64和荟萃分析65,66不断积累证据表明,葡萄多酚和葡萄籽提取物是血管内皮功能的有效调节剂,可改善血压。
11.石榴:
石榴汁及石榴提取物已证实具有心脏保护作用,包括降低收缩压和舒张压67,68。石榴汁天然抑制血管紧张素转化酶,模拟降压ACE抑制剂药物的机制69,70。此外,动物研究表明,石榴汁提取物也干扰血管紧张素II的降压作用,这是一种类似于血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ARB)药物的特性,并对内皮一氧化氮产生有益影响71。
12.芹菜籽:
一项对30名轻度至中度高血压患者进行的标准化芹菜籽提取物试验发现,补充6周可使收缩压和舒张压分别降低8.2mmHg和8.5mmHg72。长期喂食高血压大鼠芹菜籽提取物可显著降低血压73。对芹菜提取物的实验室研究表明,芹菜提取物具有血管扩张和血管松弛活性,这可能是由钙通道阻断活性介导的74。
13.橙皮苷:
甜橙的内果皮富含黄酮类化合物,包括橙皮苷75。橙皮苷和其他柑橘类黄酮类化合物通过改善内皮功能和减轻炎症来增强血管健康76,77。此外,橙皮苷的抗凝血和调脂特性增加了其在预防和治疗高血压和其他心血管疾病方面的潜在用途78。
在一项随机对照试验中,64名2型糖尿病受试者每天接受500mg橙皮苷或安慰剂治疗,为期6周。与安慰剂相比,服用橙皮苷的患者收缩压和舒张压以及炎症标志物水平下降幅度更大79。一项针对代谢综合征患者的随机对照试验发现,连续三周服用500mg橙皮苷可改善内皮功能和炎症标志物的水平77。
柑橘类水果及其果汁含有高浓度的橙皮苷80。在一项针对健康人的对照临床试验中,饮用橙汁和连续四周每天服用500mg橙皮苷,每一种都会导致基因表达发生变化,从而降低炎症和动脉粥样硬化促进程度81。在一项类似的四周试验中,与安慰剂相比,橙汁和补充橙皮苷对舒张压和小血管内皮功能有类似的积极作用。这项针对50-65岁中度超重男性的研究表明,橙皮苷可能是橙子心脏保护作用的活性化合物82。
橙皮苷及其分解产物橙皮素(Hesperetin)已被发现可增加人体血管内壁细胞中一氧化氮的产生83,84。这些细胞中的一氧化氮在放松血管壁和降低高血压方面起着关键作用85。在同一项研究中,用橙皮苷处理后,人体血管细胞也产生较少的血管内皮素-1(一种收缩血管并增加血压的化合物)和更少的氧自由基83。动物研究也证明了橙皮苷提高血管扩张一氧化氮水平的能力86。动物和临床前研究表明,橙皮苷还可以通过改变钾通道的功能来放松血管壁,钾通道有助于调节血管壁中的肌肉收缩87。
橙皮苷和其他植物多酚一样,影响肠道微生物群落的健康和多样性。由于肠道微生物组在调节代谢和炎症方面发挥着关键作用,现在人们认为,橙皮苷等黄酮类化合物可能在一定程度上通过与肠道微生物的相互作用对健康和疾病产生积极影响。橙皮苷、肠道微生物组与改善代谢和心血管健康之间的可能联系是营养研究中一个令人兴奋的新兴话题88。
14.钙和维生素K:
钙在调节对健康血压至关重要的矿物质浓度方面发挥着重要作用,包括钠、钾和镁。钙也参与血管平滑肌细胞的收缩89。在一项对40项随机对照试验的综述中,平均每日钙剂量1200mg与收缩压(约1.9mmHg)和舒张压(约1.0mmHg)的适度降低有关。对于习惯性低钙摄入(≤800mg/天)的人,降压效果更大90。
在补钙过程中,摄入充足的维生素K至关重要。维生素K可以防止钙在动脉等非骨组织中沉积,并预防动脉粥样硬化性心脏病。维生素K有几种形式:维生素K2,也称为甲萘醌,与降低心血管风险的关系最大。维生素K对适当的凝血和骨骼健康也是必不可少的,并与降低癌症和癌症死亡风险有关91,92,93,94。
15.精氨酸:对11项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,每天补充4-24g精氨酸,可使收缩压降低5.4mmHg,舒张压降低2.7mmHg95。
16.绿咖啡豆:一项针对轻度高血压患者的随机对照试验发现,绿咖啡豆和特别烘焙的冲泡咖啡中富含的绿原酸可使收缩压和舒张压分别降低5.6mmHG和3.9mmHG96,另一项临床试验将经过特殊处理以增强绿原酸活性的咖啡饮料与对照饮料进行了比较。富含绿原酸的咖啡可以降低血压,而对照饮料则没有效果97。
17.山楂:许多研究表明,几种山楂对心血管有益。山楂自1800年以来,在北美被用于治疗心脏病。临床试验表明,补充山楂和山楂提取物可以改善轻度心力衰竭、高血压和高血脂98。
18.白藜芦醇:一种存在于葡萄、葡萄酒、日本虎杖和其他几种植物中的多酚。它作为一种热量限制模拟物被广泛研究,因为它能够像减少热量摄入一样影响代谢途径。一项对六项研究的荟萃分析发现,每天补充至少150mg白藜芦醇可使收缩压降低近12mmHG,而对舒张压没有显著影响99。
更多内容可点击其个性化的综合干预方案如下:
以及参阅本网如下专文的相关内容:
医疗干预
对于高血压,医生首先要求从调整饮食和生活方式开始:
参考文献:
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美国梅奥诊所
www.mayoclinic.org
美国心脏病协会
http://www.heart.org
美国国立心脏、肺和血液研究所
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov
加拿大心血管学会
http://www.ccs.ca
加拿大心脏和卒中基金会
http://www.heartandstroke.com
免责声明和安全信息
英文名称:High Blood Pressure,Essential Hypertension,Primary Hypertension
定义
高血压是最常见的慢性病,几乎影响到所有人,可对心脏、肺、脑和肾脏等血管产生压力。随着时间的推移,这种状况会损害这些组织和器官。血压是指血液作用于血管壁上的力量,由心脏泵血量和动脉血流阻力决定。心脏泵血越多、血管越窄,血压就越高。血压测量包括两个数字:
- 收缩压:上面正常读数为120mmHg(毫米汞柱)以下
- 舒张压:下面正常读数为80 mmHg以下
- 收缩压大于140 mmHg 和/或
- 舒张压大于90 mmHg
病因
高血压分为原发性、继发性高血压:- 原发性高血压:大多数人高血压随着年龄增长而发生、发展。然而,医学仍然不清楚是什么原因导致了原发性高血压。
- 继发性高血压:也称为症状性高血压,是由潜在疾病而引起的高血压,往往突然出现并导致比原发性高血压更高的血压。原因可能包括:
- 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停
- 肾脏问题
- 肾上腺肿瘤
- 甲状腺问题
- 血管中出生的某些缺陷(先天性缺陷)
- 某些药物,如避孕药、感冒药、减充血剂,非处方止痛药和一些处方药
- 毒品,如可卡因和安非他明
风险因素
高血压随着年龄增长而发展。老年人患高血压最为普遍,绝经后妇女也很常见。可能增加高血压风险的因素包括如下:
- 超重
- 经常饮酒过量
- 吸烟
- 久坐不动的生活方式
- 经常性精神压力
- 使用口服避孕药
- 家族相关病史
- 肾脏疾病
- 糖尿病
- 睡眠呼吸暂停症
- 高脂肪、高盐饮食
- 饮食钾摄入不足
症状
高血压通常不会引起症状,即使血压值很高时。如果血压达到极端水平,可导致如下症状:
- 头痛
- 视力模糊或复视
- 腹痛
- 胸痛
- 气短
- 头晕
并发症
控制不良的高血压可导致并发症包括如下:- 心脏病发作或卒中:高血压可引起动脉硬化和增厚(动脉粥样硬化),这可能导致心脏病发作、中风等。
- 动脉瘤:血压升高会导致血管变弱和隆起,形成动脉瘤。如果动脉瘤破裂,则可能危及生命。
- 心脏衰竭:为了抵抗血管中较高的压力,心脏必须更加努力地工作。这导致心脏泵室壁变厚(左心室肥大),结果难于泵出足够的血液满足身体需求。
- 肾脏疾病:高血压引起肾脏血管减弱和变窄,导致肾脏功能障碍和病变。
- 眼睛病变:视网膜血管变窄或破裂,可能导致视力受损。
- 代谢综合征:包括腰围增加、血脂高和胰岛素抵抗等,显著增加心脏病、脑卒中和糖尿病的风险。
- 记忆或思维困难:不受控制的高血压也可能影响思考、记忆和学习能力。
- 血管性痴呆:狭窄或阻塞的动脉可以限制血液流向大脑,导致血管性痴呆。
疗法
治疗重点是减少对血管的压力。改善血压有助于减轻对重要器官损害,还能降低以下风险:- 心血管病
- 心脏病发作
- 脑溢血
- 肾脏损害
调整饮食与生活方式
- 坚持利于心脏健康的DASH法饮食如:
- 低盐、足量的钾和低脂肪等
- 富含纤维的水果和蔬菜
- 适度饮酒,不宜过量。
- 保持健康体重。
- 坚持运动锻炼,或咨询医生合适的身体活动。
- 不抽烟,或戒烟。
- 学会和运用压力管理,包括冥想、呼吸等放松技巧。
- 防控睡眠呼吸暂停,它与高血压密切相关
营养与草本综合干预
以下是基于循证医学和营养学有关文献综合的结果。
有助于防控高血压的营养和草本补充剂,主要包括如下:
1.鱼油:
EPA和DHA可作为重要的心脏保护营养素,因为其抗炎和降低氧化应激作用;可稳定细胞膜,改善脂质水平和促进葡萄糖代谢;使血管功能正常化,抑制血栓形成和动脉粥样硬化1。此外,DHA在体内被用来制造Resolvins、Proteins和Maresins的化合物,统称为专门的促分解介质(SPMs),在结束炎症过程中发挥着关键作用2。
2022年发表的一项荟萃分析包括71项随机对照试验的数据,共有4973名参与者,发现补充EPA和DHA的组合可以降低收缩压和舒张压。研究人员确定每天2-3g EPA加DHA的组合剂量为最佳剂量。该剂量导致收缩压下降2.61mmHg,舒张压下降1.64-1.80mmHg。服用超过每天3g的剂量后,血压没有进一步降低,尤其是在基线血压正常的人群中。效果最大的是老年群体、收缩压≥140mmHg和血脂水平异常的人。研究结果表明,这些人群可能从每天略高于3g的剂量中获益3。
2.辅酶Q10:
一项深入的综述检查了使用辅酶Q10(CoQ10)补充剂治疗原发性高血压至少三周的随机对照试验。CoQ10治疗导致收缩压平均下降11mmHg,舒张压平均下降7mmHg4。CoQ10的降压作用可能是一氧化氮依赖性血管舒张和保护一氧化氮免受自由基介导的降解的结果;辅酶Q10还可以促进前列环素的产生并增加组织敏感性,前列环素是一种有效的血管舒张剂,可防止血液凝结5。补充辅酶Q10已证明可有效降低重大心血管事件和心血管及所有原因死亡的风险;改善内皮功能,这是高血压的一个重要问题,包括他汀类药物治疗的糖尿病患者;和增加自由基调节酶超氧化物歧化酶的活性6,7,8,9。在一项对443名老年人进行的五年随机试验中,与安慰剂相比,辅酶Q10联合硒可将心血管死亡率降低一半10。
3.镁:
补充镁可以剂量依赖性地降低高血压患者的血压11。根据流行病学和观察性研究的数据,高血压患者的镁摄入量低于正常血压患者,镁摄入量低与患心脏病和死于心脏病的风险更大有关。每天摄入500-1000mg的镁与较低的收缩压和舒张压有关。镁似乎还能提高各类抗高血压药物的疗效。镁的有效性归因于其改善内皮功能的能力、作为天然钙通道阻滞剂和血管舒张剂的作用以及可能的抗炎活性12,13,14,15。
在对7项研究的荟萃分析中显示,服用降压药至少六个月的收缩压超过155mgHg的患者,补充镁可显著降低收缩压和舒张压,平均降低18.7mmHg和10.9mmHg16。血清镁含量低与肾功能下降和患慢性肾病的风险增加有关17。镁的状况可以通过红细胞镁测试来评估18。
4.褪黑素:
褪黑素是已知被广泛用作一种天然的助眠剂,可以促进睡眠、帮助调节昼夜节律19。褪黑激素还有一些其他重要但未被充分重视的健康益处:它似乎通过在中枢神经系统和身体外周部位发挥作用来帮助控制血压。在外围,褪黑激素有助于放松血管,促进血管舒张,从而降低血压。褪黑素还可以抑制交感神经系统,后者过度刺激会导致高血压20,21。夜间高血压是一个严重的问题,许多人可能没有考虑到。夜间血压升高会导致心血管疾病和死亡率,尤其是在睡眠呼吸暂停的人群中22,23。
在2011年对7项研究(共221名受试者)的数据进行的荟萃分析中,睡前2-3mg的缓释褪黑素可使夜间收缩压降低6mmHg,夜间舒张压降低3.5mmHg24。
5. 乳清蛋白:
乳清是高质量蛋白质、肽和氨基酸的宝贵来源25,26。许多对照临床试验已经证明乳清蛋白具有降血压和改善血管功能的能力。这些研究还表明,乳清蛋白可以改善其他代谢风险因素,包括胰岛素敏感性、葡萄糖和脂质水平27,28。两项独立的荟萃分析得出结论,乳清蛋白的摄入可以降低收缩压和舒张压,以及其他代谢改善,如改善脂质水平、降低空腹血糖和改善身体成分29,30。
在一项饮食挑战试验中,将8小时的反应与28g乳清蛋白、酪蛋白或麦芽糊精进行比较,乳清导致收缩压显著下降,持续时间长达5小时,动脉硬化也有所改善31。一项针对平均年龄75岁的正常体重男性的研究显示,乳清蛋白对血压也有类似的快速影响。单独补充70g乳清蛋白或与碳水化合物和脂肪混合的营养饮料,在饮用后的两到三小时内可将收缩压降低22-24mmHg
,该组合饮料也降低了舒张压32。一项对38名患有高血压前期和轻度高血压的成年人进行的为期八周的试验表明,连续八周每天两次服用28g乳清蛋白可降低收缩压和舒张压,并改善了血管内皮功能33。另一项针对54名成年人的随机对照试验发现,与对照组相比,在接受30g乳清蛋白治疗12周的肥胖和超重个体中,收缩压、体脂、脂肪百分比和腰围显著降低,内皮功能也得到改善,该论文作者得出结论,体脂减少是血压升高受益的机制34。
脂肪减少、动脉硬化和内皮功能的改善都可能有助于乳清蛋白改善血压的益处,但它们并不能完全解释数小时内出现的快速降压作用。然而,有人认为,乳清蛋白的作用也可能是由血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)的抑制和与阿片类神经递质受体的相互作用介导的26。
显示这些益处的试验通常每天使用大约一到三盎司(28-84g)的乳清蛋白粉29,30。
6.槲皮素:一种类黄酮植物化学素,存在于许多水果和蔬菜中。过去几十年的研究发现,槲皮素的摄入与减少心血管疾病有关。对动物和人类的干预研究表明,补充槲皮素可以降低血压35。槲皮素通过多种机制降低血压,包括作为血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(ARB)的功能。事实上,2015年的一项研究表明,槲皮素对血管紧张素受体的估计受体对接得分与一些药物ARB相似,包括厄贝沙坦和氯沙坦36。
槲皮素的降压能力已经在几个临床试验中被观察到。例如,一项针对93名超重或肥胖者的试验显示,在六周内每天补充150mg槲皮素可使收缩压降低2.6mmHg37。在另一项随机对照试验中,49名男性在八周内每天摄入150mg槲皮素或安慰剂。服用槲皮素的受试者在餐后(餐后)4小时的血压降低了5.7mmHg,而安慰剂受试者的血压没有显著变化38。2015年的一项随机对照试验发现,在高血压受试者中,每天服用162mg槲皮素6周,与安慰剂相比,24小时动态血压降低了3.6mmHg39。其他使用不同槲皮素剂量和治疗时间的试验也表明,这种类黄酮可有效降低血压40,41。
7.杨梅素:
杨梅素(Myricetin)是一种黄酮类化合物,存在于蔬菜、水果、坚果、浆果、茶和红酒中42。与槲皮素类似,杨梅素似乎具有血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(ARB)的作用36。临床前研究表明,杨梅素可减轻动物对高血压刺激的血压升高43。杨梅苷(Myricitrin),也是一种天然存在的类黄酮,被肠道菌群转化为杨梅素44。杨梅素和杨梅苷都具有抗炎特性45,46。
2014年,在一项针对血压正常的糖尿病患者的非受控试点临床研究中,连续三个月每天服用600mg含杨梅素的草药尤金叶,可使收缩压降低11mmHg,舒张压降低6mmHg47。
8.甜叶菊:从甜菊叶中提取的一种糖苷,一般被称为甜味剂。在南美洲和亚洲,甜菊糖的提取物传统上被用于控制血糖水平48,49。临床前证据表明,甜菊糖苷可以作为钙通道阻滞剂帮助控制血压。阻断钙通道是维拉帕米等药物降低血压的方法50,51。
2015年一项对已发表研究数据的荟萃分析发现,甜菊糖苷使用一年以上可使血压降低近12mmHG(舒张压)。总体而言,该分析中主要使用甜菊糖苷作为干预的研究表明,收缩压平均降低了4.5mmHg。本研究中使用的甜菊糖苷剂量范围为每天750至1500mg52。
9.橄榄叶:
一项为期12周的随机临床研究比较了橄榄叶提取物与ACE抑制剂药物卡托普利对I期高血压患者的降压作用。橄榄叶组和卡托普利组的收缩压和舒张压均降低,两种化合物的作用没有显著差异。在橄榄叶提取物组中,收缩压和舒张压分别平均下降11.5mmHg和4.8mmHg53。这项研究证实了早期试验的结果,发现橄榄叶提取物对高血压有效54。橄榄叶提取物已被证明能提高易患代谢综合征的男性的胰岛素敏感性,代谢综合征通常伴有高血压55。橄榄叶的降压作用可能与处方降压药的几种机制相同,包括钙通道阻断、ACE抑制和血管紧张素II拮抗剂56,57,58。
10.葡萄籽:
一项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,与对照组相比,葡萄多酚治疗降低了收缩压。这些临床试验中使用的有效剂量范围为200至733mg/天,为期2至12周。降压作用在患有代谢综合征的研究参与者中最为明显59。这种作用可能在很大程度上是由葡萄多酚的抗氧化特性和显著改善健康受试者和有心血管风险的受试者内皮功能的作用介导的60,61。葡萄多酚对内皮的益处可以通过一氧化氮代谢的调节62。
临床前研究63、随机对照试验64和荟萃分析65,66不断积累证据表明,葡萄多酚和葡萄籽提取物是血管内皮功能的有效调节剂,可改善血压。
11.石榴:
石榴汁及石榴提取物已证实具有心脏保护作用,包括降低收缩压和舒张压67,68。石榴汁天然抑制血管紧张素转化酶,模拟降压ACE抑制剂药物的机制69,70。此外,动物研究表明,石榴汁提取物也干扰血管紧张素II的降压作用,这是一种类似于血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ARB)药物的特性,并对内皮一氧化氮产生有益影响71。
12.芹菜籽:
一项对30名轻度至中度高血压患者进行的标准化芹菜籽提取物试验发现,补充6周可使收缩压和舒张压分别降低8.2mmHg和8.5mmHg72。长期喂食高血压大鼠芹菜籽提取物可显著降低血压73。对芹菜提取物的实验室研究表明,芹菜提取物具有血管扩张和血管松弛活性,这可能是由钙通道阻断活性介导的74。
13.橙皮苷:
甜橙的内果皮富含黄酮类化合物,包括橙皮苷75。橙皮苷和其他柑橘类黄酮类化合物通过改善内皮功能和减轻炎症来增强血管健康76,77。此外,橙皮苷的抗凝血和调脂特性增加了其在预防和治疗高血压和其他心血管疾病方面的潜在用途78。
在一项随机对照试验中,64名2型糖尿病受试者每天接受500mg橙皮苷或安慰剂治疗,为期6周。与安慰剂相比,服用橙皮苷的患者收缩压和舒张压以及炎症标志物水平下降幅度更大79。一项针对代谢综合征患者的随机对照试验发现,连续三周服用500mg橙皮苷可改善内皮功能和炎症标志物的水平77。
柑橘类水果及其果汁含有高浓度的橙皮苷80。在一项针对健康人的对照临床试验中,饮用橙汁和连续四周每天服用500mg橙皮苷,每一种都会导致基因表达发生变化,从而降低炎症和动脉粥样硬化促进程度81。在一项类似的四周试验中,与安慰剂相比,橙汁和补充橙皮苷对舒张压和小血管内皮功能有类似的积极作用。这项针对50-65岁中度超重男性的研究表明,橙皮苷可能是橙子心脏保护作用的活性化合物82。
橙皮苷及其分解产物橙皮素(Hesperetin)已被发现可增加人体血管内壁细胞中一氧化氮的产生83,84。这些细胞中的一氧化氮在放松血管壁和降低高血压方面起着关键作用85。在同一项研究中,用橙皮苷处理后,人体血管细胞也产生较少的血管内皮素-1(一种收缩血管并增加血压的化合物)和更少的氧自由基83。动物研究也证明了橙皮苷提高血管扩张一氧化氮水平的能力86。动物和临床前研究表明,橙皮苷还可以通过改变钾通道的功能来放松血管壁,钾通道有助于调节血管壁中的肌肉收缩87。
橙皮苷和其他植物多酚一样,影响肠道微生物群落的健康和多样性。由于肠道微生物组在调节代谢和炎症方面发挥着关键作用,现在人们认为,橙皮苷等黄酮类化合物可能在一定程度上通过与肠道微生物的相互作用对健康和疾病产生积极影响。橙皮苷、肠道微生物组与改善代谢和心血管健康之间的可能联系是营养研究中一个令人兴奋的新兴话题88。
14.钙和维生素K:
钙在调节对健康血压至关重要的矿物质浓度方面发挥着重要作用,包括钠、钾和镁。钙也参与血管平滑肌细胞的收缩89。在一项对40项随机对照试验的综述中,平均每日钙剂量1200mg与收缩压(约1.9mmHg)和舒张压(约1.0mmHg)的适度降低有关。对于习惯性低钙摄入(≤800mg/天)的人,降压效果更大90。
在补钙过程中,摄入充足的维生素K至关重要。维生素K可以防止钙在动脉等非骨组织中沉积,并预防动脉粥样硬化性心脏病。维生素K有几种形式:维生素K2,也称为甲萘醌,与降低心血管风险的关系最大。维生素K对适当的凝血和骨骼健康也是必不可少的,并与降低癌症和癌症死亡风险有关91,92,93,94。
15.精氨酸:对11项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,每天补充4-24g精氨酸,可使收缩压降低5.4mmHg,舒张压降低2.7mmHg95。
16.绿咖啡豆:一项针对轻度高血压患者的随机对照试验发现,绿咖啡豆和特别烘焙的冲泡咖啡中富含的绿原酸可使收缩压和舒张压分别降低5.6mmHG和3.9mmHG96,另一项临床试验将经过特殊处理以增强绿原酸活性的咖啡饮料与对照饮料进行了比较。富含绿原酸的咖啡可以降低血压,而对照饮料则没有效果97。
17.山楂:许多研究表明,几种山楂对心血管有益。山楂自1800年以来,在北美被用于治疗心脏病。临床试验表明,补充山楂和山楂提取物可以改善轻度心力衰竭、高血压和高血脂98。
18.白藜芦醇:一种存在于葡萄、葡萄酒、日本虎杖和其他几种植物中的多酚。它作为一种热量限制模拟物被广泛研究,因为它能够像减少热量摄入一样影响代谢途径。一项对六项研究的荟萃分析发现,每天补充至少150mg白藜芦醇可使收缩压降低近12mmHG,而对舒张压没有显著影响99。
更多内容可点击其个性化的综合干预方案如下:
- 高血压防控要略(维持血管功能)
- 高血压防控要略(扩血管降压)
- 高血压防控要略(抑制血管收缩)
- 高血压防控要略(夜间高血压)
- 高血压防控要略(抗药物副作用)
- 高血压前期防控(120-139/80-89)
- 轻度高血压防控(140-159/90-99)
- 中度高血压防控(160-179/100-109)
- 重度高血压防控(高于180/110)
以及参阅本网如下专文的相关内容:
医疗干预
对于高血压,医生首先要求从调整饮食和生活方式开始:
- 限制盐摄入,利于心脏健康饮食
- 保持运动锻炼
- 维持健康体重,或者减去超重的体重
- 限制饮酒量,不宜过量
- 药物降压
- 利尿剂:降低血管容量(钠和水),如噻嗪类利尿药,包括氯噻酮、氢氯噻嗪等。
- 有助于防止血管收缩和变窄的药物,包括如下:
- 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI):如赖诺普利、贝那普利、卡托普利等,通过阻断血管变窄的天然化学物形成来帮助放松血管。一般适于慢性肾病患者。
- 血管紧张素II受体阻断剂(ARBs):包括坎地沙坦、氯沙坦等。通过阻断缩小血管的天然化学物质的作用(不是形成)来帮助放松血管。一般对慢性肾病患者合适。
- 钙通道阻滞剂,也能减慢心率,包括氨氯地平,地尔硫等,可能比单独使用ACEI更有效,适于老年患者。
- 其他使用的高血压药物如下:
- α受体阻滞剂,如多沙唑嗪、哌唑嗪等。可减少神经冲动血管,抑制使血管变窄的天然化学物影响。
- α-β受体阻滞剂,包括卡维地洛和拉贝洛尔。除了减少对血管的神经冲动外,还能减缓心跳、减少泵送的血液量。
- β受体阻滞剂,降低心脏负荷和心率,及扩血管降压,包括醋丁洛尔,阿替洛尔等。
- 醛固酮拮抗剂,如螺内酯和依普利酮。阻断可能导致盐分和液体潴留的天然化学物作用,调节血钾平衡。
- 肾素抑制剂,阿利克仑可减缓肾素的产生,肾素可启动增加血压。由于存在中风等并发症风险,不应与ACE抑制剂或ARBs之类药物同用。
- 血管扩张剂,包括肼苯达嗪和米诺地尔,直接作用于动脉壁肌肉,防止肌肉收紧和变窄。
预防
有助于降低高血压风险的措施包括:- 健康均衡饮食,丰富水果、蔬菜和低脂乳制品,以及低饱和脂肪、低胆固醇等。
- 低盐、富钾饮食。
- 经常参与运动锻炼。
- 保持健康的体重。
- 戒烟。
- 不要过量饮酒。
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资料来源:
美国梅奥诊所
www.mayoclinic.org
美国心脏病协会
http://www.heart.org
美国国立心脏、肺和血液研究所
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov
加拿大心血管学会
http://www.ccs.ca
加拿大心脏和卒中基金会
http://www.heartandstroke.com
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